Chronic Kidney Failure

What is meant by the term "Chronic Kidney Failure"?
The term 'chronic kidney failure' suggests that the kidneys have stopped functioning and are, therefore, not making urine. Kidney failure is the inability of the kidneys to remove waste products from the blood. Ironically, most dogs in kidney failure are actually producing large quantities of urine, but the body's wastes are not being effectively eliminated.

When is this likely to happen in my dog?
The typical cause of chronic kidney failure is simply a 'wearing out' process as a result of ageing. The age of onset is related to the size of the dog. For most small dogs, the early signs occur at about 10-14 years of age. However, large dogs have a shorter life span and may go into kidney failure as early as 7 years of age. In some breeds there is a genetic predisposition to kidney failure.

What changes are likely to occur in my dog?
The kidneys are nothing more than filters. When ageing causes the filtration process to become inefficient and ineffective, blood flow to the kidneys is increased in an attempt to increase filtration. This results in the production of more urine. To keep the dog from becoming dehydrated due to increased fluid loss in the urine, thirst is increased; this results in more water consumption. The kidneys also remove phosphorous from the body by filtering the blood. Once the filtration process is impaired, phosphorous begins to accumulate in the blood. This also contributes to lethargy and poor appetite. Thus the early clinical signs of kidney failure are increased water consumption and increased urine production. The clinical signs of more advanced kidney failure include loss of appetite, depression, vomiting, diarrhoea, and very bad breath. Occasionally, ulcers will be found in the mouth. When kidney failure is accompanied by these clinical signs, it is called uraemia.

How is chronic kidney failure diagnosed?
The diagnosis of kidney failure is suggested by the tell-tale clinical signs mentioned above. To confirm the diagnosis we take blood and urine samples. Dogs with kidney failure have increased levels of waste products in their blood - we are particularly interested in three substances - Blood Urea, Creatinine and Phosphorous levels.

Although urea and creatinine levels reflect kidney failure, they do not predict it. A dog with marginal kidney function may have normal blood levels. If that dog is stressed with major illness or surgery, the kidneys may fail, sending the urea and creatinine values up quickly.

Can chronic kidney failure be treated ?

In some cases, the kidneys are so worn out that they cannot be revived, even with treatment. In less severe cases it is possible for dogs to live for several more months or years with the appropriate treatment.

Treatment occurs in two phases.

The first phase is to "restart" the kidneys. Large quantities of intravenous fluids are given to "flush out" the kidneys. This flushing process, called diuresis, helps to stimulate the kidney cells to function again. If enough functional kidney cells remain, they may be able to adequately meet the body's needs for waste removal. Fluid therapy includes replacement of various electrolytes, especially potassium. Other important aspects of initial treatment include proper nutrition and drugs to control vomiting and diarrhoea.

There are three possible outcomes to this phase of treatment:

The kidneys will resume functioning and continue to function for a few weeks to a few years.

The kidneys will resume functioning during treatment but fail again as soon as treatment stops.

Kidney function will not return. Unfortunately, there are no reliable tests that will predict the outcome.

If the first phase of treatment is successful, what happens next?

The second phase of treatment is to keep the kidneys functioning as long as possible.

This is accomplished with one or more of the following, depending on the situation:

A low protein/low phosphorous diet. This helps to keep the levels of toxic waste products in your dog's blood as close to normal as possible, which usually makes your dog feel better. Also, once kidney disease is advanced, a decreased protein diet may decrease the workload on the kidneys. There are a variety of commercially prepared prescription foods available from your veterinary surgeon that have the correct quantity and quality of protein needed by dogs with chronic renal failure.
A drug to regulate the parathyroid gland and calcium levels. Calcium and phosphorus must remain at about a 2:1 ratio in the blood. The increase in blood phosphorus level, stimulates the parathyroid gland to increase the blood calcium level by removing it from bones. This normalises the calcium:phosphorus ratio, but it can make the bones brittle and easily broken. Calcitriol can be used to reduce the function of the parathyroid gland and to increase calcium absorption from the intestinal tract. This is recommended if there is evidence of abnormal function of the parathyroid gland.
A drug to stimulate the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells. The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. Therefore, many dogs in kidney failure have a low red blood cell count, or anaemia.

How long can I expect my dog to live?
The prognosis is quite variable depending on response to the initial stage of treatment, your ability to perform the follow-up care and your dog's willingness to eat the special diet. Early treatment can be very effective. Many dogs will have a good quality of life for months or even years.